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INTRODUCTION:
Central and South Texas encompass six unique and diverse cotton production areas; 1. Lower Rio Grande Valley, 2. Coastal Bend, 3. Upper Coast, 4. Valleys of the Brazos, Colorado and Trinity rivers, 5. Blacklands, and 6. Winter Garden. About 50% of the production in the Lower Rio Grande River Valley, the central river valleys and the Upper Coast is irrigated production and essentially 100% of the Winter Garden production is irrigated. Cotton grown in the other regions and the remainder of those above is produced without supplemental irrigation. Annual rainfall in these areas range from about 50 inches in the Upper Coast region to about 25 inches in the Blacklands, Corpus, Kingsville and Lower Rio Grande Valley production areas. Rainfall distribution in most years is less than desired with the majority coming during the winter months with little rainfall occurring in July and August.
In addition to rainfall amounts and distribution, these production areas usually experiences significant annual infestations of fleahopper (Pseudatooscelis seriatus, Reuter), thrips (Frankliniella spp.), bollworm (Helicoverpa zea, Boddie) and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). Other pests include aphids (Aphis gossypii, Glover), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, Gennadius) and, occasionally, Lygus spp. Boll weevil (Anthonomous grandis Boh.) infestations have been severely curtailed in all regions and essentially eliminated in many through the Boll Weevil Eradication Program and transgenic cultivars containing Bt toxin control boll worm and bud worm outbreaks.
These production restraints mandate that the Cotton Improvement Laboratory develop germplasm/cultivars with meaningful levels of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses occurring in Central and South Texas. Germplasms having favorable combinations of resistance to one or more of these stresses and/or having favorable agronomic characteristics are released to other public and private breeding programs in the U.S. and in other countries for incorporation into cultivar development programs.
Fiber quality parameters have become paramount in recent years with the improvements in spinning technology and the need to be more competitive in a global market. The CIL has developed and released a number of strains with improved fiber length and/or fiber strength. These strains are used by private industry to incorporate improved fiber quality traits into cultivars available to Texas’ producers.
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PRIMARY FUNCTIONS:
Development of improved cotton germplasm and cultivars adapted to Central and South Texas; advise graduate students; teach Plant Breeding (SCSC 641), Host Plant Resistance to Insects and Diseases (SCSC 610), and Grain, Fiber and Oilseed Crops (SCSC 306).
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GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE:
Breeding nurseries and performance trials are conducted at Research and Extension Centers at Weslaco, Corpus Christi, Commerce, and Chillicothe, at the Texas AgriLife Research Farm at College Station, producer fields in the Coastal Bend, and at the Stiles Foundation Farm. Advance strains being considered for release as cultivars may be evaluated in other areas of Texas and the U.S. through collaborative efforts.
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES:
Development of superior germplasm that will enhance the productivity, improve the product quality, and/or decrease production costs is the primary goal of the Cotton Improvement Laboratory. Appropriate parental stocks are hand crossed each year to initiate a cycle of segregating material. Progeny are assessed visually in the F1; performance tested as F2 populations; single plants selected in the F3; progeny rows visually selected as F4's and F5's; and strains performance tested at 6-10 locations during the F5-8 generations.
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SPECIFIC AREAS OF BREEDING EMPHASIS
The Cotton Improvement Laboratory has identified five major areas where genetic enhancement would be valuable to the producers of Central and South Texas. These are:
Yield Potential: Average per acre yield in the U.S. has increased from 180 pounds of lint/acre at the turn of the century to near 800 pounds in 2007. Genetic improvement in yield potential must continue if American producers are to remain competitive in world markets.
Earliness: Earlier maturing or faster fruiting cultivars will recover and produce an acceptable "crop" following delayed planting, early season insect predation, or early season production hazards such as hail or extended rains. Earlier maturity allows producers in South Texas to harvest before the hurricane season and allows producers in more northern areas to harvest during late summer before the probability of inclement weather increases.
Fiber Quality: Improvements in fiber spinning equipment mandate that new cultivars cotton have longer, finer, stronger, more uniform, and more mature fibers than their predecessors. The Cotton Improvement Laboratory has a strong commitment to improving fiber quality through collaborative efforts with the Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute at Texas Tech University.
Host Plant Resistance: The Cotton Improvement Laboratory employs field selection for resistance to the bollworm, and the tobacco budworm in approximately 500 strains each year. Resistance to fleahopper and spidermite also are evaluated in these lines under natural infestation.
Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat are evaluated through the process of selection and performance testing advanced germplasm at Corpus
Christi, Thrall, and Dallas (Blacklands) where extended periods of drought are experienced each year. Specially designed nurseries at College
station are utilized to quantify levels of drought resistance.
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Selected Publications
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Berger, G., S. Hague, C. Wayne Smith. 2012. Diallel analysis of fiber traits for ELS cotton progeny. Crop Sci 52:683-689
- Starr, J.L., W. Smith, K. Ripple, E. Zhou, and T.R. Faske. 2011. Registration of TAM RKRN-9 and TAM RKRN-12. JPR 5:3:393-396.
- Starr, J.L., E. Moresco, W. Smith, R. Nichols, P. Roberts, and P. Chee. 2010. Inheritance of resistance to Meloidoygne incognita in primitive cotton accessions from Mexico. J. Nematology 42:352-358.
- Smith, W., S. Hague, E. Hequet, and D. Jones. 2011. Registration of TAM 04 WB-33s upland cotton with improved fiber and yarn properties. JPR 5:3:388-392.
- Smith, W., S. Hague, and D. Jones. 2011. Registration of Tamcot 73 upland cotton cultivar. JPR 5:3:273-278.
- Shen, X., Z. Cao, R. Singh, E.L. Lubbers, P. Xu, C.W. Smith, A.H. Paterson, and P.W. Chee. 2011. Efficacy of qFL-chr1, a QTL for fiber length in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Crop Science 51:2005-2010.
- Hague, S., and W. Smith. 2011. Evaluation of a heterogeneous population of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) developed with recurrent mass selection in an ultra-dense population. Crop Sci. 51:2:579-584.
- Hague, S., C.W. Smith, G. Berger, J. Clement and D.C. Jones. 2011. Variation in extra-long staple upland X medium staple upland cotton F2 population. J. Cotton Sci 15:265-270.
- Berger, G., S. Hague, C.W. Smith, P.S. Thaxton and D.C. Jones. 2011. Development of Sea Island/Upland germplasm with unique fiber properties. J. of Cotton Sci 15:260-264.
- Brown, I.N., C.W. Smith, D. Auld, S. Hague, E.F. Hequet, and D. Jones. 2011. Registration of TAM 94L-25-M24, TAM 94L-25M25, and TAM 94L-25-M30 mutant upland cotton germplasm with improved fiber length and strength. J. Plant Reg. 6:683-689.
- Gregory, K., E. Ng, C.W. Smith, E. Hequet, and S. Hague. 2012. Fiber and yarn performance of upland cotton with improved
fiber bundle strength. Crop Sci. 52:1061-1067.
- Meredith, W.R., D.L. Boykin, F.M. Bourland, D.L. Caldwell, B.T. Campbell, J.R. Gannaway, K. Glass, L.M. May, A. Phillips, C.W. Smith, and J. Zhang. 2012. Genotype X Environment Interactions Over Seven Years for Yield, Yield Components and Seed Traits in the Regional High Quality Tests. Cotton Sci. 16:160-169.
- Joy, Kolbyn, C. Wayne Smith, Eric Hequet, Ed Hughes, and Steve Hague. 2012. Extra long staple upland cotton for the production of superior yarns. Crop Sci. Crop Sci.52:2089-2096.
- Brown, Nino, C. Wayne Smith, Dick Auld, and Eric F. Hequet. 2013. Improvement of upland cotton fiber quality through mutation of TAM 94L-25. Crop Sci. 53:452-459.
- Ng, E.-H., K. Jernigan, W. Smith, E. Hequet, J. Dever, S. Hague, and A.M.H. Ibrahim. 2013. Stability analysis of upland cotton in Texas. Crop Sci. 53:1347-1355.
- Knutson, A.E., K.D. Mekala, C. Wayne Smith, and C. Campos. 2013. Tolerance to feeding damage by cotton fleahopper (Heteroptera: Miridae) among genotypes representing adapted germplasm pools of U.S. upland cotton. J. Ec. Ento. 106:1045-1052.
- Hutmacher, R.B., M. Ulloa, S.D. Wright, B.T. Campbell, R. Percy, T. Wallace, G. Myers, F. Bourland, D. Weaver, P. Chee, P. Thaxton, J. Zhang, W. Smith, J. Dever, V. Kuraprthy, D. Bowman, D. Jones, and J. Burke. 2013. Elite-upland cotton germplasm-pool assessment of Fusarium wilt (FOV) resistance in California. 2013. Agron. J. 105:1635-1644.
- Beyer, B., C. Wayne Smith, Richard Percy, Steve Hague, and Eric Hequet. 2014. Test cross evaluation of upland cotton accessions for selected fiber properties. Crop Sci. 54:60-67.
- Hague, S., C.W. Smith, J.C. Faircloth, J. Dever, G. Berger, J. Clement, and D.C. Jones. 2014. Evaluation of Cotton Productivity by Fruiting Zone in Diverse Growing Locations. J. of Cotton Sci 18:166-172..
- Jernigan, K., C. Wayne Smith, E. Hequet, Benjamin Beyer, and Richard Percy. 2014. Combining ability and variability for fiber maturity among diverse world cotton germplasm. Crop Sci. 54:906-913
- Jernigan, Kendra, C. Wayne Smith, Eric Hequet, Benjamin Beyer, and Richard Percy. 2014. Combining ability and variability for fiber color among diverse cotton genotypes. Crop Sci. 54:1041-1047
- Ng, E.-H., C. W. Smith, E. Hequet, S. Hague, and J. Dever. 2014. Diallel analysis for fiber elongation in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 54: 2: 514-519
- Ng, E.-H., C.W. Smith, E. Hequet, S. Hague, and J. Dever. 2014. Generation means analysis for fiber elongation in upland cotton. Crop Sci. doi:10.2135/cropsci2013.07.0490
- Jones, W., K. Joy, and C. Wayne Smith. 2014. Within boll yield components of extra long staple upland cotton. Crop Sci. 54:1057-1061
- Smith, C.W., E. Hequet, S. Hague, and D. Jones. 2014. Registration of TAM 06WE-621 upland cotton with improved fiber strength and yarn performance. JPR 8:308-312.
- Knutson, A., S. Isaacs, C. Campos, M. Campos, and C. Wayne Smith. 2014. Resistance to cotton fleahopper feeding in primitive and converted race stocks of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. Cotton Science 18:385-392.
- Brown, N.I., C.W. Smith, S. Hague, D. Auld, E. Hequet, K. Joy and D. Jones. 2015. Within-boll yield characteristics and their correlation with fiber quality parameters following mutagenesis of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, TAM 94L-25. Crop Science (accepted January 2015).
Book and Book Chapters
- Smith, C. Wayne. 1992. History and Status of Host Plant Resistance to Insects in Cotton in the United States. Vol. 48 pp. 251-296. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press, Inc.
- Smith, C. Wayne. 1993. COTTON. World Book Encyclopedia.
- Smith, C. Wayne. 1995. Crop Production. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Walker, J.K. and C. Wayne Smith. 1996. Cultural Control of Insects. In E.C. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Colman (eds.) Cotton Insects. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, TN.
- Smith C. Wayne and J.T. Cothren. (eds.) 1999. COTTON. John Wiley and Sons, New York .
- Smith, C. Wayne and R.A. Frederiksen (eds.) 2000. SORGHUM. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Smith, C. Wayne and R.H. Dilday (eds.) 2002. RICE. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Smith, C. Wayne, J. Betran, and E.C.A. Runge (eds.) 2004. CORN. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
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